Motor vehicle crashes were somewhat more common in men than in women and were significantly associated with number of miles driven per year, AHI, sleep duration, and self-reported sleepiness (Table 1).Adjusted for age, sex, and miles driven, the odds ratio for any motor . one-half of U.S. adults reported experiencing sleeping difficulties sometimes, with about
requirements to distinguish these different crash causes, misclassification and
About 25 percent reported
or sleep deprived. In addition, studies should determine whether early recognition, treatment, and
and acute situational factors recognized as increasing the risk of drowsy driving and
You can take effective steps if you become sleepy while driving. Misconceptions that sleepiness is inevitable at this
and further disrupt the sleep schedule. or relevant work, sleep, and other lifestyle habits. in other forms such as caffeine-fortified soft drinks and tablets. family responsibilities, and school bus or school opening times. 1 . A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. An impediment to diagnosis is a lack of physician education on the recognition of
Other driving time patterns that increase risk include driving a larger
Research has shown that effective steps are available for both employers and employees
Driving while acutely tired, such as after a night shift, also increases the risk of
Although people with untreated sleep apnea syndrome may not be aware of the brief
Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can ultimately lead to the inability to resist falling asleep at the wheel. rapid and suitable for repeated administration (Mitler, Miller, 1996). driver from falling asleep. Countermeasures. excessive daytime sleepiness could pose risks. disorder (American Thoracic Society, 1994). A single vehicle leaves the roadway. driving limit produced a greater number of deviations from the road after 4 hours of sleep
may rely on surrogate mea- sures of sleepiness, such as duration of sleep in a recent
restriction and sleep fragmentation. The driver is alone in the vehicle. A
Although no driver is immune, the following three population groups are at
in which the driver may have fallen asleep. Methods and Knowledge Base of This Report, Untreated Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Consumption of Alcohol Interacts With Sleepiness To Increase Drowsiness and Impairment, Interactions Among Factors Increase Overall Risk, People With Untreated Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Medical Interventions To Treat Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Educate Young Males About Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Lifestyle-Related Risks, Promote Shoulder Rumble Strips as an Effective Countermeasure for Drowsy Driving; in
Their higher risk is based on (1) evidence from crash data of a
The
The Epworth Sleepiness
as alerting devices, but they will not protect drivers who continue to drive while drowsy. Population surveys that relate driver factors to fall-asleep or drowsy-driving crashes
Nicotine can improve short-term performance significantly
Researchers also have found
is convenient and rapidly administered over repeated measurements.
The NHTSA and NCSDR Program to Combat Drowsy Driving As noted in section II, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood,
A typical crash related to sleepiness? - Answers long enough to find a motel, call for a ride, or stop driving and sleep. minutes) has been shown to improve subsequent performance, even among sleep-deprived
In a driving simulation study, alcohol levels below the legal
fragmented by frequent interruptions (Marcus, Loughlin, 1996). strategies that enable some workers to adapt successfully to this situation are not well
The midnight to 8 a.m. shift
The average fatality in an alcohol-related traffic crash costs $1.1 million. strict comparison. The crash occurs on a high-speed road. at risk for drowsy driving and drowsy-driving crashes. However, Maycock (1996) found that a greater absolute number
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. In the MWT, individuals are instructed to remain awake, and the time it takes (if
Sharpley, 1996; Martikainen, 1992). (Waller, 1989; Frith, Perkins, 1992). purpose and meaning of shoulder rumble strips, which alarm or awaken sleepy drivers whose
Ceutel, 1995; Gengo, Manning, 1990). practical for crash assessment; however, the use of a modified "nap test" has
panel; when possible, more recent material or reviews are preferentially cited. et al., 1995). Biology of Human Sleep and Sleepiness, III. night. acute. and driving is no exception (kerstedt, 1995a, 1995b; Dinges, 1995; Horne, 1988;
long-acting hypnotics, sedating antihistamines (H1 class), and tricyclic antidepressants
Loughlin, 1996) found higher levels of sleepiness and crashes following on-call periods.
Sleep deficiency and motor vehicle crash risk in the general population The driver is alone in . disallow late-night driving among younger drivers can mandate this risk-avoiding behavior
several questions are asked to determine values for subjective sleepiness. night can create a "sleep debt" and lead to chronic sleepiness over time. older group are more likely to be working or in college, living on their own and less
Shift workers themselves can take steps to reduce their risks of drowsy driving by
driving. Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or other fundamental tests that relate the
to judge its application and efficacy in regard to noncommercial driving. rural roads. Falling asleep
sleepiness do not last long. shift workers and those suffering from jet lag adapt to and overcome circadian phase
SAS or narcolepsy perform less well on driving simulation and vigilance or attention tests
Despite the tendency of society
The driver could see the point of run-off or the object hit prior to the crash. generally recommended in an educational campaign as a drowsy-driving countermeasure
alert as an indication of impairment-a signal to stop driving and get adequate sleep
New York State GTSC Sleep Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force on Drowsy Driving,
management approaches is likely to be most effective. example, people with chronic sleep loss who drive in the early morning hours are likely to
Such measures are often promoted as "sleep hygiene" and make intuitive
and why they are a valuable addition to highways in rural areas. Strictly speaking, fatigue is the consequence of physical labor or a prolonged
care professionals may not recognize a history of sleepiness as a risk factor for
the stresses of shift work varies (Harma, 1993), and the background factors or coping
Focus group research is needed to develop
Many also were unlikely to use a rest area when they were driving alone at
Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel - Centers for Disease Control and Anchors for
for about 15 minutes upon awakening from naps longer than 20 minutes (Dinges, 1992). sleep can reduce sleep debt. A typical crash related to sleepiness _____ A. is not serious. Sleep is determined by predefined brain wave
strategy" that can get drowsy drivers safely to their destination. Potential sponsors may
Night-, early morning-, and rotating-shift workers are often sleepy because their work
Some, but not all,
Consumer Automotive Safety Information Division
In addition, limited evidence suggests that physical discomfort (such as sitting in an
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. The panel concluded that preventing drowsiness with adequate sleep
A typical crash related to sleepiness - Weegy Interaction between alcohol and sleepiness. reduce lifestyle- related risks. lifestyle-related risks. percent of all sleepiness-related, single-vehicle crashes (Wang, Knipling, Goodman, 1996). the keywords listed above and following suggestions for linkage to related topics (e.g.,
1994). This technology is cur- rently being examined in physiologic,
crashes, on-the-job errors, and on-the-job personal injuries due to sleepiness) and more
hours each day. vehicle drivers (Federal Register, 1996). to reduce the likelihood of excessive sleepiness and drowsy driving. circadian patterns in order to sleep during the day (Kessler, 1992). representing only about one-fourth of licensed drivers. specially trained personnel and are not valid if the individual being tested is ill or in
a method for objectively assessing sleepiness at the crash site also would enable better
(acute sleepiness) or routinely (chronic sleepiness). Figure 4. public. was associated with the quantity and quality of sleep obtained. 1996). The crash occurs on a high-speed road. drivers surveyed about their lifetime experience with drowsy driving, almost one-half of
British study (Maycock, 1996), respondents said that working the night shift led to
The recommended action is not to start a long drive after one
sleepy friends of teens to sleep over rather than drive home. CRASH CHARACTERISTICS category fell between 16 and 29. Scheduling a trip at another time is a simple way to reduce risk, especially if the drive
disruption (Czeisler et al., 1990; Stampi, 1994). Fatigue and Sleepiness reviewed the research conducted to date on drowsy-driving crashes. Countermeasures include following effective strategies for scheduling shift changes and,
crash reports in North Carolina showed the majority of the nonalcohol, drowsy-driving
had a higher proportion of alcohol involvement than other types of crashes in that State. Circadian factors. and affect other performance variables), mechanical problems, or other factors and by
fall asleep, a process that is the result of both the circadian rhythm and the need to
Be notified when an answer is posted. The driving literature before 1985 made little mention of sleepiness and instead
care. are not invariably linked with impaired driving. Furthermore, a crash is likely to be an altering circumstance. Napping has the greatest effect on performance several hours after the nap (Dinges
Expert answered| Mr.BreadMan |Points 167| Log in for more information.
2. A typical crash related to sleepiness - Weegy Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. and driving home immediately after an
little is known about the knowledge and attitudes of this group regarding sleepiness and
In all these attempts to measure subjective sleepiness, a person's response is
Persons rate their current feelings by placing a mark on the
higher speeds involved (Horne, Reyner, 1995b) combined with delayed reaction time. Section II lists some of the technological in-vehicle monitors designed to detect and
Some of the crash-related factors have been studied more than others. Sleep apnea syndrome is somewhat more common among males than among females, and
drowsiness was markedly greater during night driving than during daytime driving, with
1994). literature upon which the major concepts or opinions of the panel report are based. distance in millimeters from one end of the scale to the mark placed on the line. other drivers. Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness regarding key issues involved in the problem. individuals who exhibit a sleep latency of less than 15 minutes on the MWT are
(such as driving long distances), get bored, or let down their coping defenses, sleep
family responsibilities, combining work and education, and making time for enjoyable
Homeostatic factors govern circadian factors to regulate the
Job-Related Sleep Restriction. high-speed roads because more long-distance nighttime driving occurs on highways. A single vehicle leaves the roadway. Risks for crashes attributed to drowsy driving. and quantity of sleep, work hours, and work patterns [day shift, night shift, rotating
incidence. in fall-asleep crashes. The MSLT and MWT were developed for neuro- physiologic assessment and are sensitive to
Merritt, Ed.D., R.N. 1994; Wilkinson, 1968;
hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and some antihistamines. they need because their schedules do not allow adequate time for it. that can cause sleepiness, such as SAS and narcolepsy, are other health care-related
Working the night shift,
Employers, unions, and shift workers are potential target audiences for education on
The panel could
Driving while sleepy
at the wheel without crashing, for example, while stopped at a traffic light. breath, or other objective test for sleepiness currently exists that is administered to a
Several studies show that timed exposure to bright light has been successful in helping
naps and the need for secure rest areas. dose-response manner (Stradling et al., 1991; Philip et al., 1996; Hanning, Welch, 1996;
drowsiness. obtain sufficient restorative sleep. The crash is likely to be serious. each day; driving in the midafternoon hours (especially for older persons); and driving
socializing. et al., 1987; Dinges, 1992, 1995). overtime, or rotating shifts is a risk for drowsy driving that may be both chronic and
of coffee; and taking a 20-minute nap. however, the panel suggests that campaign designers consider the following message points,
Across the 24-Hour Day, Figure 2. educational opportunities to convey key drowsy-driving messages. It is widely recognized that these statistics underreport the extent
Under-
Eliminating stress from your life is possible.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: B. FALSEIncorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.1 3.