Sajith Kumar started his writing career as a freelancer in 2009. Because this highly exothermic acid presentsserious storage challenges, learn how to handle and store sulfuric acid it safely before you buy it. Sulfuric Acid PPE Suits, Hoods, Coveralls, Jackets, Pants And Boots, Buy Disposable Sulfuric Acid PPE Suits (Coveralls WithAttached Hood And Boot, Elastic Wrists, Taped Seams) On Amazon, Purchase Disposable Sulfuric Acid PPE Suits Online Here, Order Reusable PVC Sulfuric Acid Chemical PPE Suits Here, Buy Made-To-Order Sulfuric Acid Safety Gear From The Standard Safety Equipment Company, Buy Sulfuric Acid Jackets And Sulfuric Acid Pants (Prices And Sizes), Buy Mechanical Drive Sulfuric Acid Pumps FromMarch Pumps, Buy Sulfuric Acid Process Pumps, Manual-Operated Drum Pumps, Air-Powered Pumps, Electric Drum Pumps, Foot-Operated Drum Pumps And Metering Pumps From McMaster-Carr, Heavy Duty Sulfuric Acid Handling And Loading Equipment, Order Sulfuric Acid Handling And Loading Equipment For Truck, Railcar And Industrial Loading Applications, ChemSplash 1 and ChemSplash 2 Protective Suits. Feel free to reach out to our disposal experts. Order Sulfuric Acid Personal Protective Equipment, Material Handling Equipment, Storage Containers And Transportation Equipment. Data on the potential for sulfuric acid to cause infertility in laboratory animals were not available. Learn about sulfuric acid protective clothing in the OSHA Technical Manual,here. It can even corrode metals. If you add water to concentrated sulfuric acid, it can boil and spit and you may get a nasty acid burn. Recommended procedures for chemical disposal are listed, here. Test the pH with pH paper or a pH meter until neutralized. But Sulfuric acid is no more dangerous than gasoline, bleach, or even some drain cleaners (all pretty dangerous by today's standards) if you remember some basic chemistry and safety. It isnt dangerous but might leave you plugging your nose at the repulsive smell. Solved: A metallurgical firm needs to dispose of 2.74 103 - Chegg Using indicator constraint with two variables. Slowly add some of the acids to this container and stir it gently. If not, add more acid and wait longer (15 minutes to 1 hour). Depeinding on the density of the acid it is safe to dilute it with water and then drain it. Find out what personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed when using sulfuric acid at home or at work,here. The neutralization reaction is. If you have batteries to dispose of, pour the acid out of the battery into a plastic container that will not break down in acid. If you have a quantity of (concentrated) sulphuric acid, you can pour it into a solution of sodium hydroxide. Continue to stir as you add each tablespoon full. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Skin contact may produce severe necrosis. Most will, especially acids that are commonly used in home improvement, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric (aka muriatic). Companies that sell sulfuric acid in bulk buy sulfuric acid tank trailers,here. Douse the entire affected area with the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) to neutralize the acid. This will neutralize light acids like vinegar or even strong, dangerous acids like muriatic and sulphuric acids. Transport high concentrations of sulfuric acid in safe bottles or containers made from glass, polymethylpentene, polyethylene, teflon, viton or HDPE. If, however, the sulfuric acid was exposed to human flesh undiluted it would result in immediate burning of human tissues and other organic materials. Where are sulphuric acid located? Explained by Sharing Culture Sulfuric Acid Is Dangerous | Hazards And Safety InformationIf sulfuric acid makes direct contact with the eyes, it can causepermanent blindness. 3. A metallurgical firm needs to dispose of 4.76 1 0 3 gallons of waste sulfuric acid whose concentration has been determined to be 1.65 M. Environmental regulations require them to neutralize the waste before releasing the wastewater, and they choose to do so with slaked lime, Ca (OH) 2 ( s). Buffer solutions and other solutions containing ethidium bromide or acrylamide in any concentration and ethidium bromide and acrylamide gels. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Remember not to place it on grass or soil as the high acidity levels will damage it. Wipe all surfaces with a sponge and wash all of the material down the sink. This is the best possible choice as it is safe to store, easy to use, and neutralizes sulfuric acid quickly. That's far too much work. Dispose of the spent sulfuric acid and disposables contaminated with sulfuric acid ashazardous waste. Prevent accidental contact with incompatible chemicals. [6] Slowly add your basic solution a little bit at a time to the diluted acid. Simple chemistry teaches one that acids and bases neutralize each other. Use rubber gloves and goggles anytime you are dealing with highly concentrated acids. Sulfuric acid - Disposal Methods - National Institutes of Health Kumar holds a diploma in creative writing from Bharathiyar University and a diploma in mechanical engineering from the Department of Technical Education in India. What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? Wait for about 10 seconds, then turn on the faucet and allow water to flow slowly into the drain. There are two types of acids: mineral (inorganic) acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric or nitric and carboxylic (organic) acids such as formic or acetic. Use sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda) to neutralize battery acid (sulfuric acid). Yes Sulfuric acid can kill you. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. Using appropriate containers. Slowly pour the suggested acid cleaner into the sink (roughly 7 ounces). Lastly, we have sodium carbonate. Then, it would be best if you headed off to the ER. If concentrated acid touches the skin, thoroughly wash the skin for five to ten minutes and then sprinkle with baking soda to neutralize any remaining acid. Taped seams are also available for added protection against chemical splash. Battery acid is sulphuric acid. Face Mask: Routine protection calls for breathable masks to prevent inhalation. You can also contact yourlocal poison control center can be reached directly by calling thePoison Help hotline,at 1-800-222-1222, from anywhere in the United States. Q: What Happens If You Are Exposed To Sulfuric Acid?A: Exposure to sulfuric acid may occur throughskin contact, eye contact, ingestion, and breathing contaminated air. Laboratory managers buy sulfuric acid,here. Battery acid is still, however, an irritant that can affect both the . ventilation system). The most effective way to neutralize sulfuric battery acid is by using sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda). This Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid safety video teaches fundamental lessons about identifying corrosive acids and the properties that make them hazardous to humans and the environment. There are many acceptable methods for neutralizing over acidity or over alkalinity of . disposal - What should I do with leftover sulfuric acid from a sump I have about 30 ml of leftover Sulfuric acid. Baking soda is known for its ability to clean clothes and surfaces, but it does not create acid. Sulfuric acid is also called battery acid. Pure sulfuric acid does not occur naturally due to its strong . Can't say anymore. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Sulfuric acid will continue burning into the skin until it is removed. The increasing popularity of neutralizing sulfuric acid with baking soda has led to some confusion about the two substances's effects. Read more here. They probably won't, and a stranger definitely won't, but it's worth asking. If there has been an accidental case of ingestion, you will need medical help immediately. This should be done only after wearing the protective gear. Outdoor workersare at risk ofsulfuric acid exposureif they work in areas where coal, oil, or gas are burned. If it would have been a characteristic hazardous waste, under the mixture rule, it is only hazardous if it still exhibits the hazardous characteristic. Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H 2 SO 4.It is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.. Carefully pour one-quarter to one-half-cup of the hydrochloric acid into 2 to 5 gallons of water. This would react with sulfuric acid to form sodium sulfate and water. If the exposure has occurred over a larger area, remove your clothing and rinse it thoroughly under a lukewarm shower. Becausesulfuric acidis one of the strongest dibasic acids, concentrated solutions shouldbe handled withgloves for sulfuric acid. If neutralizing agent is not available, cover the area with sand or earth to absorb the liquid and shovel into containers for disposal. Sulfuric acid may also be diluted and then neutralized. When engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment to their workers and ensure its proper use. YouTube Video Titled "Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Safety Training Video"Uploaded on February 12,2014 bySafetyVideos.com. OSHArequires all employers to provideHazard Communication trainingfor new employees and additional training when new hazards enter the work force. Just grab some from your kitchen and mix it into the acid for the neutralization reaction to take place. Download an occupational health guideline for sulfuric acid from the CDC,here. Do I need a thermal expansion tank if I already have a pressure tank? Examples of How Sulfuric Acid is Applied in the Workplace, Best Safety Practices When Working with Battery Acid. Immediately report leaks, spillsor failures of the safety equipment (e.g. The runtime is 26 minutes and the video is available in DVD or VHS for $395,here. There are several different approaches available to neutralize sulfuric acid H2SO4 depending on how precisely the process needs to be controlled and how the end product is to be handled. Want to save up to 30% on your monthly bills? This is extremely dangerous for you and the environment. Will lime neutralize sulfuric acid? Follow these 3 easy steps to cleaning up a hydrochloric acid spill using Amphomag. If you end up breathing in sulfuric acid, dont panic. It will continue mixing with water for an even lower concentration as it goes down the water pipes. But, if you are worried, carry a bottle of water and a bit of baking soda with you in your bag or backpack if you are traveling. If sulfuric acid makes direct contact with the eyes, itcan cause permanent blindness. It can be a substantial environmental hazard and cause the death of wildlife. Say its 1 litre of 5% then diluting it to 10 litres is safe. Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is widely used in industry for various applications, such as the production of fertilizers, detergents, and chemicals. how to neutralize high-pH chemicals for disposal - pburch.net However, care should be taken when handling sulfuric acid in a concentrated form. Step 4: Use baking soda and water to clean the battery acid. Sulfuric acid reacts violently withalcohol and waterto release heat. If the inhalation continues for an extended time, it may even lead to lung damage. Protect your skin from sulfuric acid by wearingchemical-resistantprotective clothing, gloves, an apron, boots and anNIOSH approved respirator. It is easier and safer to use than HCl or HNO 3 and is more potent than . Asulfuric acid burn is a medical emergency and requires immediatetreatment. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Whether you can pour sulfuric acid down the drain depends on the concentration and quantity you have. Continue adding the soda and stirring well. If dealing with the sensitive internal workings of an electrical equipment, a toothbrush may also be used to clean the spill. It needs to be flushed with a lot of water ASAP, then baking soda can be used to help get in and finish neutralizing the acid. The potential for sulfuric acid to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program. What To Do If You Get Sulfuric Acid On Your Skin. What is the proper way to dispose sulfuric acid? - Quora Sulfuric acid may also be diluted and then neutralized. . Best Practices for Safe Disposal. Required components are nitrile safety gloves, eye goggles, poly aprons, shoe or boot covers, polymers to neutralize acid, specialized scoops, disposal containers and a spill containment handbook. 00:00 00:00. Try to neutralise it before pouring into waterway. Once all the neutralized acid is disposed of, run lots of water down the drain for at least five minutes. Fax: 512-886-4008Customerservice@laballey.com, or Truck, Railcar And Industrial Loading Applications, pour it into a solution of sodium hydroxide, being placed in sealed containers and by being absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, or earth, Disposal of wastes containing sulfuric acid, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion, and breathing contaminated air, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water, move the exposed person to fresh air at once, Buy Fisherbrand disposable and polycarbonate face shields for sulfuric acid, here, Order Sulfuric Acid Handling And Loading Equipment F, YouTube Video Titled "Sulfuric Acid Safety Information | Industrial Chemistry", National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), sulfuric acid is produced in the United States, sulfuric acid damage, skin burns and injuries, New Jersey Right to Know Hazardous Substance List (RTKHSL), New Jersey Right To Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, tested and approved for use with sulfuric acid, concentration, acid impurities andtemperature, disposable or reusable sulfuric acid PPE suits, Sulfuric Acid Boiling Point: 638.6F (337C), Sulfuric Acid Index of Refraction: 1.537, Sulfuric Acid Solubility In Water: Fully miscible; (exothermic), Sulfuric Acid Structure, Properties, Spectra, Suppliers And Links, Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 96% ACS Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 92-94% Lab Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 70% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 50% Lab Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 40% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 39% Technical Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 25% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 20% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 10% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 6% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 5% SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1.5% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.95N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.2N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 5N SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 2N SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.1N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.02N for Alkalinity, Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.5N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1:1 Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 19.2N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.053N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid Gerber/Babcock Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.02N (n/50) Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Teck Sulphuric Acid Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Sulfuric Acid 3M Safety Data Sheet - Fisher Scientific (PDF), Ashta Chemicals Safety Data Sheet Sulfuric Acid, Spent 70-80% (PDF), Avantor Performance Materials Sulfuric Acid Material Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Durham Tech Sulfuric Acid Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Sulfuric Acid Safety Data Sheet | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA, Sigma-Aldrich Sulfuric Acid Material Safety Data Sheet (PDF), JR Simplot Sulfuric Acid 98% Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Melting point: 10.31[1] C (50.56 F; 283.46 K), Boiling point: 337[1] C (639 F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 C (572 F; 573 K), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2O, Solubility in water: miscible, exothermic, Watch a cool science demonstration video to see the power of concentrated sulfuric acid on. Thechemical formula of sulfuric acidis H2SO4 and its molecular weight is 98.079 g/mol. If neutralizing agent is not available, cover the area with sand or earth to absorb the liquid and shovel into containers for disposal. Safe Handling Guide: Sulfuric Acid - CORECHEM Inc. It is sulfuric acid, but it's not going to kill you if you get some on you. Shovel the neutralized residues into containers for disposal. However, if you mistakenly inhale fumes from a concentrated form of sulfuric acid, you might notice difficulty in breathing. Your driveway or the patio is the perfect place for acid disposal. Do not use mineral water. Step 1: Use caution by wearing protective equipment and working in a well-ventilated area. How To Clean Up Sulfuric Acid Spills. To be considered neutral, a chemical must have a pH of 7. High concentrations in air may make it difficult to breathe, especially for those with asthma or during strenuous exercise. with sulfur trioxide. Traces of airborne acid can cause cancer or damage the lungs. You have no items in your shopping cart.Let's go buy something! Sulfuric Acid Respiratory ProtectionPeople that work with sulfuric acid arerequired to wear respiratorsin various workplaces throughout the United States. The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens determined that occupational exposure to strong inorganic mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. Subscribe to our newsletter and learn something new every day. Buy a Full Face Respirator from America Safety Associates (ADS),here. Permanent scarring can result. Neutralizing 98% Sulfuric Acid - CR4 Discussion Thread - GlobalSpec In fact be careful when diluting the acid, diluting sulfuric acid generates lots of heat. water. Learn how sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst in the chemistry industry, as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries and as a drain cleaner,here. In its diluted form, sulfuric acid is sewer and septic safe. How to neutralize sulfuric acid - Quora Waste Neutralization Guidance. One method of neutralization is to add the acid slowly to a solution of soda ash and slaked lime, and to then flush with a large volume of water. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Severe exposure can even result indeath. This program should address the hazards present; the selection, maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness. Allow fumes to clear before each addition, and don't allow the water to boil. Routes of entry: Skin contact. Long term exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations . It is odorless with a strong acid taste. Step 3: Use Baking Soda to neutralize the acid in lead-acid or NiCD batteries. Because this verystrong chemical is so corrosiveandreactive, it dissolves most types of metal, and unfortunately, human tissue as well. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? If an engineering solution is not practical, a face shield will offer limited chemical splash protection. It is always recommended you use water first, and then baking soda. Pour the diluted solution down the sink, flushing with large amounts of water. It only takes a minute to sign up. Information on sulfuric acid laboratory hazards, sulfuric acid dilution hazards and sulfuric acid industrial hazards are listed,here. Watch aYouTube videofrom the U.S. Department of Labor to learn about respirator safety,here. The high acidity may harm grass and soil, so try to do this in your driveway or on the patio outside. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4: The most widely used and produced chemical in the world. Lime and baking soda are two affordable and readily available chemicals that neutralize acids. Moreover, the reaction with sulfuric acid is exothermic, thus producing extensive amounts of heat with the chances of a thermal explosion. how to neutralize sulfuric acid for disposal - KMITL is too late to avoid permanent damage to skin so ''immediate medical attention'' is nothing else than words. This di. Sulfuric acid - Wikipedia Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suits. Due to sulfuric acids hazardous nature, people had many concerns and questions about safe disposal practices. 127 4. To neutralize the acid, combine vinegar and lemon juice and brush it over the battery and/or spill using a cotton swab. Open a window and be sure that your room ventilation is adequate. How to Neutralize an Acid Sulfuric Acid( Drain Opener Bottle ) for If liquid sulfuric acid or solutions containing sulfuric acid penetrate through the clothing, remove the clothing immediately and flush the skin with water. For spills, neutralize the acid by pouring raw baking soda or lime over the spills until the fizzing stops. What does it mean if my Watchdog backup sump is flashing "Add Distilled Water" even with brand new battery? Pour Amphomag slowly and directly onto the hydrochloric acid spill to contain and neutralize. Buy Fisherbrand disposable and polycarbonate face shields for sulfuric acid, here. Continually rinse your mouth with water and seek medical attention as soon as possible. Therefore, you should always try to neutralize or dilute the acid before storing it. Learn how to use sulfuric acid safely at work or home by downloading and reading Safety Data Sheets (SDSs),here. Neutralize all the acid in the same manner as Step 3. Download Safety Data Sheets (formerly MSDS) for various grades and concentrations of sulfuric acid. Chemicals with a pH of 12 to 14 are considered strong bases. Battery acid is a solution of sulfuric acid and water diluted - which means the dilution reduces the strength of the acid. Its chemical formula is H2SO4, and it is composed of hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms. Inhalation of vapor may cause serious lung damage. In our new house, we found that a previous owner installed a sump pump battery backup unit, which is nice. Keep a source of fresh water nearby to use in case of any accidental splashes or spills. They involve adding baking soda after adding the sulfuric acid to water. Two types of acids exist: inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid) and organic acids (such as formic acid and acetic acid). How to Neutralize Acids and Bases - Grainger KnowHow Slowly add some of the acid that needs to be disposed of and stir gently. Zinc reacts with sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas, zinc sulfate salt, and water. For a15-minute exposure, the vapor concentration of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere should not exceed 0.15 3 mg/m3. Once the acid is neutralized, it can be disposed of safely. You will see the baking soda begin to fizz and neutralize the acid. Be sure to wear safety goggles, gloves, and the right attire to keep your skin safe in case of splashing. In the lab, you are surrounded by various chemicals that can be used to neutralize sulfuric acid for safe disposal. The solution in the container will bubble and foam as the baking soda neutralizes the acid. The answer from ShoeMaker neutralizing with baking soda is correct, but only if the battery acid is new. My code is GPL licensed, can I issue a license to have my code be distributed in a specific MIT licensed project? A severe exposure can cause death. For small sulfuric acid spills, cover the contaminated area with sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of soda ash/slaked lime (50/50) and mix. The New Jersey Right to Know Hazardous Substance List containsover 2,000 hazardous substances, including those on the Special Health Hazard Substance List (SHHSL). Pour the recommended amount of drain cleaner (about 200 ml or about 7 ounces) slowly into the drain. Dont try to drown it with water or anything else. The acid then can be taken beyond a neutral pH of 7 by adding compounds such as sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide that can raise its base level up to a pH of 9 if necessary. A modest home acid solution may be used to recharge alkaline batteries. Chemical Spill Response and Clean-UpUploaded to YouTube On March 21, 2012 by janette is cool. If strong concentrations of gas or solution penetrate clothing, remove clothing and flush the skin with water. Sulfuric acid reacts violently, becoming very hot,when mixed with water (PDF). A salt is composed of a negative ion (anion) and a . Face Shields: Clean-up crews and people handling open containers of sulfuric acid would be well-served to wear both a breathable mask and face shield. The data listed in Table 4-l are derived @ anon344349: If you put sodium bicarbonate, or any other highly alkaline directly on the acid, it will create a reaction that will burn the person even worse. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. Furthertesting of sulfuric acid (PDF)is required to assess its potential to cause reproductive harm. Whether you need protection against light-duty chemicals, acids, and particulates or from more aggressive chemicals, acids, and caustics, theChemSplash product linesare fit for the job. Phone: 512-668-9918 This same process can be repeated using a toilet. These studies are limited by co-exposure to several other workplace chemicals and/or tobacco smoke; however, the large number of studies reporting tumors suggests that sulfuric acid is a carcinogen. Severeexposurecan result in death. Deep cycle marine battery for Zoeller sump pump - how often to replace? Note: Sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic and phosphoric acids may be discharged in larger quantities since they are to be neutralized to a pH of between 5. . If stored without being diluted first, the acid will retain its aggressive chemical nature and oxidize plastic containers. Useconcentrated sulfuric acid (95-98%)andsulfuric acid 93% (92-94%)carefully because these concentrations react with water, sodium hydroxide, alcohol,sugar, aluminum, bases, metals and calcium carbonate. For stubborn leaks, an old toothbrush dipped in vinegar or lemon juice gets the job done.